We must use more short sentences in telling stories.（)

f the audience.【C1】______the writer often does not know who will read what he writes, he must【C2】______to be as clear as possible. Time can be taken to plan the piece of writing so that it is eventually organized into some sort of【C3】______sequence of events or ideas. When we speak, however, we normally have very【C4】______time to plan what we intend to say.【C5】______, we may begin speaking before we【C6】______what to say. Our thoughts then tumble out in【C7】______a logical sequence. Since we are actually【C8】______our audience face to face we may omit some of the information we believe our audience shares.【C9】______the more familiar we are with out audience, the more information we are likely to leave out. In any【C10】______they can always stop and ask a question or ask for clarification if we have left out too much. A reader, however, cannot do【C11】______but can at least attempt comprehension at his own speed;【C12】______, he can stop and go backwards or forwards,【C13】______to a dictionary or just stop and rest. When we listen we may have to work hard to sort out the speaker' s【C14】______by refer ring backwards and forwards while the speaker continues. As the speaker struggles to organize his thoughts, he will use filler phrases to give him time to plan.【C15】______these fillers, he will still make mistakes and repeat what he has already said. His speech will be characterized【C16】______a limited range of grammatical patterns and vocabulary and the use of idioms to【C17】______some general meaning quickly. It should be clear, then, that the listener has to take an active【C18】______in the process by ignoring the speaker' s repetitions and mistakes, and by seeking out the main idea information through recall and prediction. To keep the process going【C19】______he also has to inform. the speaker that he has understood【C20】______actually interrupting.

【C1】

A．However

B．Since

C．Although

D．Unless

A.consider

B.use

C.conduct

D.find

dings and sympathetic at funerals.Our table manners are not the same at a picnic as in a restaurant.When speaking with people,we feel free to interrupt close friends but tend to listen to our employers until they finish.If we don’t make such adjustments(调整),we are likely to get into trouble. From one point of view,language is behaviour;it is part of the way we act.And like every other kind of behaviour,it must be adjusted to fit different contexts or situations where it is use

For instance,among people who are used to a writing system,there is one adjustment everyone makes:they speak one way and write another way.Speakers can stop in the middle of a conversation and repeat themselves if they sense that they are being misunderstood;writers often go back over their writing to see that it is clear,which is,however,before the communication occur.Once writers have passed their writing to someone else,they cannot change it. Speakers can use intonation(语调)，stress(重音)，and pauses to help make their meaning clear.A simple sentence like “John kept my pencil” may mean,by a shift in the stress and intonation patterns,either John rather than someone else kept the pencil,or John kept rather than just borrowed the pencil,or it was a pencil rather than anything else that he kept.Writers,on the other hand,have their special tools of various punctuation(标点) marks,capitals,italic(斜体) letters,and so on.Skillful writers could also change the word order of a sentence.So“Cindy only had five dollars” could be turned into “Cindy had only five dollars” to mean Cindy had no more than five dollars,or into “Only Cindy had five dollars” to mean nobody but Cindy had five dollars.

1The main purpose of the first paragraph in this passage is to _______.

A.summarize the passage

B.introduce the topic of the passage

C.use examples to illustrate the first sentence of the paragraph

D.use examples to illustrate the last sentence of the paragraph

2According to Paragraph 1,we must adjust our behavior. because _______.

A.we should appear happy at weddings and sad at funerals

B.we should listen to our employers more than to our friends

C.our manners should be different in different places

D.our behavior. should be acceptable to others around

3Language as mentioned in Paragraph 2 is considered _______.

A.a kind of behavior

B.an act found in all situations

C.an adjustment everyone makes

D.situations

4both spoken and written 4 According to Paragraph 2 speakers and writers differ mainly in _______.

A.the amount of time they spend on the communication

B.the number of times they stop while communicating

C.how they can make sure that they are not misunderstood

D.when they decide to begin the communication

5According to Paragraph 3 speakers can use such tools as _______ to make their meaning clear.

A.intonation patterns and word order

B.stress patterns and word order

C.pauses and punctuation marks

D.pauses and shifts in stress patterns

We must try to create a more caring, more （) society.

A.compassionate

B.competitive

填句补文

Biological Clock

When the sun rises on a warm and sunny day, you can see some flowers open up. When they close late in the afternoon, other flowers open.

Biological rhythms(生物节律), like the opening and closing of flowers, happen all over nature. But not all of them are daily rhythms. Some, like the beating of our heart, happen every second. （1）Scientists use the term biological clock to describe the timing that controls biological rhythms. （2） In some animals it is probably controlled by the brain. In plants and other living things that have no brain, it must be something else.

The migration of animals happens when a signal is sent out. For example, when days become shorter, birds leave the northern parts of the world and fly south where it is warm. （3）Humans also have biological clocks that control their daily rhythms. When people travel by plane from one continent to another, they often cross many time zones. Their internal clocks don’t seem to work correctly. We call this jet lag(时差). （4）People who work night shifts also have problems with their biological clocks. They may not be as active as people who work during the daytime.

Biological clocks control many rhythms of life. （5） Doctors are looking for new ways to make travelling more comfortable and medical treatment more effective.

A. But where can you find it？

B. This makes them feel tired.

C. In the summer they fly back to have babies.

D. We are learning more and more about them.

E. Biological clocks can be adjusted.

F. Other rhythms are based on months, seasons or years.

A.more less

B.much less

C.less much

D.still much

ars ago. It must be lasting and easy to recognize, to divide, and to carry about. When we think of money today, we picture it either as round, flat pieces of metal which we call coins, or as printed paper notes. But there are still parts of the world today where coins and notes are of no use .A traveler there might starve if he had none of the particular ‘ local money ’.

Among isolated peoples ,who are not often reached by traders from outside ,commerce usually means barter ,which is a direct exchange of goods .Perhaps it is fish for vegetables or meat for baskets .For this kind of simple trading, money is not needed ,but there is often something that everyone wants ,such as salt to flavor food, shells for necklaces ,or iron and copper to make into tools. These things — salt ,shells or metals — are still used as money in out-of-the-way parts of the world today.

Salt may seem rather a strange material to use as money ,but in countries where the food of the people is mainly vegetables ,it is often an absolute necessity .Cakes of salt ,stamped to show their value ,were used as money in Tibet until recent times, and they can still buy goods in parts of Africa.

Cowrie seashells have been used as money at some time or another over the greater part of the Old World. These were collected mainly from the beaches of the Maldive Islands in the Indian Ocean ,and were traded to India and China. In Africa ,cowries were traded right across the continent from East to West .Four or five thousand went for one Maria Theresa dollar ,an Australian silver coin which was once accepted as currency (货币) in many parts of Africa.

Metal was used as money in many parts of the world .Iron ,in lumps ,bars or rings is still used in many countries instead of money .It can either be exchanged for goods ,or made into tools or weapons. The early money of China ,apart from shells ,was of bronze ,often in flat ,round pieces with a hole in the middle ,called ‘ cash ’.The earliest of these are between three thousand and four thousand years old — older than the earliest coins of the eastern Mediterranean.

Nowadays ,coins and notes have supplanted nearly all the more picturesque forms of money ,and although in one or two of the more remote countries people still store it for future use ,primitive money will soon be found only in museums.

1.Nowadays we think of money as() .

A.pieces of metal or metallic paper

B.made of either metal or paper

C.some printed notes and papers

D.round and flat sheets of paper

2.In some parts of the world a traveler might go hungry() .

A.even if his money was of the local kind

B.even if he had no coins or notes

C.if he did not know the local rate of exchange

D.even if he had plenty of ready money

3.What can we infer from the passage？

A.Isolated peoples exchange goods by means of barter.

B.Salt cakes are taking the place of picturesque forms.

C.Seashells could be traded with Maria Theresa dollars.

D.The Chinese were among the earliest users of metal ‘ cash ’.

4.Primitive types of money will be used ().

A.to replace more picturesque forms

B.as exhibits to be shown in public

C.at local country markets and shops

D.as entrance tickets in museums

ge. But is it possible that other animals have the capacity to learn a language if they are adequately taught？ Obviously, this is a fascination notion. The idea of communicating directly with another species has long been a part of human folklore and children’s fantasies. But on a scientific level, the question of whether animals can learn a language is important primarily because it relates to the controversy()between the cognitive and the learning approaches to language. If language is dependent on and is actually an outgrowth of the intellectual structure of the human mind, there is the strong supposition that only humans are capable of using language. Therefore, Noam Chomsky and other psycholinguists have argued that only humans can learn a language, while most behaviorists feel that with sufficient patience it should be possible to teach an animal some sort of language. Although the two schools of thought clearly differ on this point, it is not really a crucial test of the two theories. If a chimpanzee can master a simple language all it would mean is that the chimp’s intellectual capacity and brain structure are more similar to ours than we thought. It would not necessarily imply that our intellectual structure is unimportant in our own mastery of language. Thus, teaching an animal language is an impressive demonstration of the power of learning techniques, but it is not evidence that language is developed entirely through learning.On the other hand, the question of whether other animals can learn a language is fascination in its own right, aside from its value as a test of the two theories of language development. Accordingly, whatever one’s position on the theoretical dispute, we must consider training an animal to use language a dramatic accomplishment.

36.Which of the following statements is the view of psycholinguists？

A. The cognitive view of language learning says that only human beings can learn language because it is an outgrowth of the structure of the human mind.

B. Other animals simply could master a language.

C. The animals intellectual capacity is much better than human beings.

D. Language is developed by learning.

37.The behaviorists’ view is that __________.

A. language is actually an outgrowth of intellectual structure of the animal’s mind

B. animals have not developed communications system

C. given enough patience, a man should be able to teach an animal some sort of language

D. only human beings can learn language

38.That an animal can master a simple language means that __________.

A. human’s intellectual structure is not important

B. animals’ intellectual capacity and brain structure are more similar to the humans’

C. the learning techniques are much more important

D. language is developed completely by learning

39.The main idea of paragraph two is ___________.

A. teaching a chimp language is not crucial test of the two theories

B. their brain structure is not similar to human

C. using various methods to let the chimp master a language

D. training a nonhuman to use language is an amazing accomplishment

40.The best title for this passage would be _________.

A. Animals’ language

B. Human’s language

C. Teaching Animals’ Language

D. Can Other Animals Acquire Language？

段落翻译： To become a flexible reader, you need to know how to select and use a reading style. that is consistent with your purpose for reading. Knowing when and how to use different reading styles will make you a flexible reader. Study reading is the reading style. used by flexible readers when their purpose is to read difficult material at a high level of comprehension. When using the study reading style, you should read at a rate that is slower than your normal reading rate. Furthermore, as you read you must challenge yourself to understand the material. Study reading will often require you to read material more than once to achieve a high level of comprehension. Sometimes, reading the material aloud will also help you improve your comprehension.